Title not extracted — [1986] 1 S.C.R. 371

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by > BllAGWATI, C,J, These Writ Petitions raise an interesting question as to whether after the coming into force of the Part B States (Laws) Act 1951, the Travancore Christian Succession E Act 1092 continues to govern intestate succession to the pro- perty of a member of the Indian Christian Community in the territories originally forming part of the erstwhile state of Travancore or is such intestate succession governed by the Indian Succession Act 1925 and if it continues to be governed

F by the Tranvacore Christian Succession Act 1092, whether sections 24, 28 and 29 of that Act are unconstitutional and void as being violative of article 14 of the Constitution. • This question is of great importance because it affects the ~ property rights of women belonging to the Indian Christian Community in the territories of the former State of Travan- - core. It is not necessary ·for the purpose of deciding this G question to refer to the facts of any particular Writ Petition. It will be sufficient to trace the history of the legislation in regard to intestate succession to the property of members of the Indian Christian Community in the terri- tories forming part of the erstwhile State of Travancore.

H ~ior to July 1949 the Sta~e of Travancore was .,r- princely state and the law in force in the territories of that state in regard to intestate succession to the property of members of the Indian Christian community was the Travancore

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A .,_ Christian Succession Act 1092. This Act was pronrulgated by His Highness the Maharaja of Travancore with a view to consolidat- ing and amending the rules of law applicable to intestate succession among Indian Christians in Travancore. The state- ment of objects and reasons for enactment of this Act provided that "the U3ages of the various sections of the Christian B community do not agree in all respects, Separate legislation for the various sections of Christians is neither desirable nor practicable and is likely to lead to nruch litigation and trouble. It is therefore thought necessary to enact a connnon law for all the various sections of Indian Christians." Section 2 of the Act accordingly provided: c "Except as provided in this Act, or by any other law for the time being in force, the rules herein contciined shall constitute the law of Travancore applicable to all cases of intestate succession among the members of the Indian Christian commu- -. nity". D

.../ Sections 16 to 19 laid down the rules of law applicable to intestate succession among Indian Christians. The contention of the petitioners was that these rules discriminated against women by providing inter-alia that so far as succession to the illllllovable property of the intestate is concerned, a widP" or mother becoming entitled under secs. 16, 17, 21 and 22 shall have only' life interest terininable at death o~ on remarriage and that a daughter shall not be entitled to succeed to the property of the intestate in the same share as the son but that she will be entitled .to one-fourth the value of the share of the son or Rs. 5, 000 whichever . is less and even to this amount she will not be entitled on intestacy, if Streedhanom ..- was provided or promised to her by the intestate or in the life time of the intestate, either by his wife or husband or after the death of such wife or husband, by his or her heirs and on account of such discrimination these rules were unconstitutional and void as being violative of article 14 of the Constitution. On the view we are taking as regards the consequential effect of the extension of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 to the territories of the former State of Travancore by virtue of Part-B States (Laws) Act, 1951, it is not - - - necessary to examine th.is challenge to the constitutional validity of the rules laid down in the Travancore Christian H

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A Succession Act, 1092 and we do not therefore propose to refer to them in detail, as that would be a futile exercise and would unnecessarily burden the judgment. But it is relevant to point out that sec. 30 of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 specifically excluded the applicability of the rules laid down in secs. 24, 28 and 29 to certain classes of Roman B Catholic Christians of the Latin Rite and also to certain Protestant Christians living in certain specified Taluks, according to the customary usage among whom, the male and female heirs of an intestate share equally in the property of the intestate and proceeded to add ex majori cautela that so far as these Christians are concerned, nothing in secs. 24, 28 c and 29 shall be deemed to affect the said custom obtaining among them. This was the law which governed intestate succession to the property of members of the Indian Christian collllllnity in the territories of the former State of Travan- core.

D In or about July 1949 the former State of Travancore merged with the former State of Cochin to form Part-B State of Travancore - Cochin. There were also other Part-B States formed out of erstwhile princely States and they were Hyderabad, Jallllll.I & Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Pepsu, Rajasthan and Saurashtra. With a view to bringing about E uniformity of legislation in the whole of India including Part-B States, Parliament enacted Part-B States (Laws) Act, 1951 providing for extension to Part-B States of certain Parliamentary Statutes prevailing in rest of India. Two sections of this Act are material, namely, sec.3 and 6 and they provide inter-alia as follows : F "3. Extension and anendment of certain Acts and .. Ordfnances

The Acts and Ordinances specified in the Schedule shall be amended in the manner and to the extent G therein specified, and the territorial extent of each of the said Acts and Ordinances shall, as from the appointed day and in so far as any of the said Acts or Ordinances or any of the provisions con- tained therein relates to matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws, be as J , H stated in the extent clause thereof as so amended. , ·

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A xx xx xx

6. Repeals and savings

If immediately before the appointed day, there is in force in any Part B State any law corresponding B to any of the Acts or Ordinances now extended to that State, that law shall, save as otherwise ex- pressly provided in the Act, stand repealed:"

The Schedule to this Act ref erred to several statutes and one of these statutes was the Indian Succession Act, .1925. The expression "the States", whereever occurring in the Indian· c Succession Act, 1925 was substituted by the word 'India" and a new definition was .introduced in clause (cc) of sec. 2 of that Act defining "India" to mean "the territory of India excluding the State of Jammu & Kashmir". The effect of sec. 3 read with the Schedule was to extend the provisions of the __, Indian Succession Act, 1925 to all Part-B States including the D State of Travancore-Cochin with effect from 1st April, 1951 -.i which was the appointed date under the Part-B States (Laws) Act, 1951. The question is as to what was the impact of the extension of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 to the terri- tories of the State of Travancore - Cochin on the continuance of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 in the terri- E tories forming part of the erstwhile State of Travancore. Did the introduction of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 have the effect of repealing the Travancore Christian Succession Act,

1092. so that from and after 1st April, 1951, intestate succession to the property of a member of the Indian Christian "'"" community in the territories of the former State of Travancore F 1 was governed by the Indian Succession Act, 1925 or did the 't' Travancore ··Christian Successiori Act, 1092 continue to gov_em such intestate succession despite the introduction of the Indian Succession Act, 1925? This question has evoked diver- gence of judicial opinion, a single Judge of the Madras High Court taking one view while a Division Bench of the Madras G High Court as also the former Travancore Cocliin High Court taking other view. We shall proceed to consider which view is correct.

• -\.. The Indian Succession Act, 1925 ~as enacted by Parliament with a view to consolidating the law applicable to intestate H

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A and testamentary succession. This Act being a consolidating act replaced many enactments which were in force at that time dealing with intestate and testant succession including the Indian succession Act, 1865. Part V of the Act relates to intestate succession and it consists of a fasciculus of sec- tions beginning with sec. 29 and going upto sec.56. The rules B relating to testate succession are to be found in Part VI of the Act which comprised 23 Chapters comnencing from sec. 57 and ending with sec. 191, We are concerned here only with intestate succession and hence we shall confine our attention to Part V of the Act. Sec. 29 which is the first section in Chapter I of Part V deals with the applicability of the rules c contained in that Part. This section is material and hence it would be desirable to set it out in extenso

"2 9. Application of Pan:

( 1) This part shall not apply to any intestacy occurring before the first day of January, 1866, or ~­ to the property of any Hindu, Muhammadan, Buddhist, Sikh or Jaine. />

(2) Save as provided in sub-section (1) or by any other law for the time being in force, the provisions of this Part shall constitute the law of India in all cases of intestacy.

Chapter II of Part V lays down the rules governing intestate succession in case of persons other than Parsis and that is made clear by sec. 31 which delcares that nothing in Chapter F II s~all apply to Persis. Chapter III enacts special rules for • •' Parsi intestates and lays down what shall be the principles relating to intestate succession among them. It will thus be '> seen that so far as Indian Christians are concerned, Chapter II of Part V contains rules relating ·to intesate succession and a fortiori on the extension of the Indian Succession Act, G 1925-to Part B State of Travancore Cochin, the rules relating to intestate succession enacted in Chapter II of Part V would be applicable equally to Indian Christians in the territories of the former State of Travancore. But the respondents sought to resist the applicability of these rules on the gr~und that sec. 29 sub-sec.(2) of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 save..,,~ H the provisions of the Travancore Christian Succession Act,

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A 1092 and therefore despite the extell!!ion of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 to Part B State of Travancore Cochin, ·the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 continued to apply to Indian Christians in the territories of the erstwhile State of Travancore. This contention urged on behalf of the respondents is plainly unsustainable and cannot be accepted. B

The principal infirmity affecting this contention ia that it overlooks the repealing provision enacted in sec. 6 of the -,~ Part B State (Laws) Act, 1951. This section provides that if immediately before the , appointed day, that ia, 1st April, 1951, ,there was in force in .any Part B State any law corres- ponding to any of the Acts or Ordinances extended to that c State, that law shall, save as otherwise expressly provided in Part B State (Laws) Act, 1951 stand repealed. Now the Indian Succession Act, 1925 was extended to Part B State of Travan- core-<:ochin by virtue of sec. 3 Of Part B State (Laws) Act, 1951 and if therefore, there was in force in part B State of Travancore-<:ochin any law corresponding to the Indian D Succession Act, 1925 immediately prior to 1st April, 1951, such law would stand wholly repealed. The petitioners contended that the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 which was admittedly in force in Part B State of Travancore- Cochin immediately prior to 1st April, 1951, was a law corresponding to Chapter II of Part V of the Indian Succession E Act, 1925. and this law, namely, the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 1111St consequently· be held to have been repealed in its entirety on the extension of the provisions of Chapter II of Part V to the Indian Succession Act, 1925 to the territories of the former State of Travancore and if that be so, the cont~nuance of the Travancore Christian S4'ccession F Act, 1092 could not possibly be regarded as saved by sec.29 sub--sec.(2) of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. The respon- dents made a faint attempt to combat this argument by urging that the Tuvancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 was not .a law corresponding to the Indian Succession Act, 1925 since th~ latter Act had a 1m1ch wider coverage·in that it dealt not only G with rules relating to intestate succession among Indian Christian but also laid down rules of intestate succession among Parsis as also rules relating to ·testate succession, while the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 was con- fined only to laying down rules of intestate succession among Indian Christians. This plea urged on behalf of the respon- H

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A dents is wholly fallacious. It ignores the basic fact that when the Indian Succession Act, 1925 was extended to Part-B State of Travancore-Cochin every Part of that Act was so extended including Chapter II of Part V and the Travancore Chiistian Succession Act, 1092 was a law corresponding to Chapter II of Part V, since both dealt with the. same subject B matter, namely, intestate succession among Indian Christians and covered the same field. We may point out that Mr. Justice Ismail of the Madras High Court sitting as a Single Judge of the Madras High Court recognised the validity of this position in Solomon v. Muthiah; [1974] 1 Madras Law Journal 53 and ·held that "the conclusion is irresistible that the Travancore c Christian Succession Regulation II of 1902 is a law corres- ponding to the provisions contained in Part V of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 so far as christians are concerned". The learned Judge following upon this view held that the Travan- core Christian Succession Act, 1092 was wholly repealed by virtue of sec.6 of Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951 and it could D not be held to have been saved by sec.29 sub-sec. (2) of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. This conclusion reached by the learned Single Jugde was overruled by the Division Bench of the Madras High Court in D. a.eJ.liah v. G. Lalil:a Bai, A. I.R. 1978 (Mad.) 66, but even this decision of the Division Bench while disagreeing with the conclusion reached by the learned E Slngle Judge accepted the position that the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 was a law corresponding to Part V of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. And if that be so, it is difficult to resist. tl!e conclusion that by sec. 6 of Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951" the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 stood repealed in its entirety. When sec.6 of Part B F States (Laws) Act, 1951 provided in clear and unequi~ocal terms that the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 which was a law force in Part B States of Travancore-Cochin corres- ponding to Chapter II of Part V of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 shall stand repealed, it would be nothing short of subversion of the legislative intent to hold that the G Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 did not stand repealed but was saved by sec.29 sub-sec.(2) of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. Of course, if there were any provision in Part B States (Laws) Act 1951 expressly providing that the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 shall not stand repealed despite the extension of Chapter II of Part V of the H Indian Succession Act, 1925 to the territories of the former

MARY ROY v, STATE [BllAQIATI C.J,) 381

A State of Travancore, then undoubtedly the Travancore ChrisUan Succession Act, 1092 would not have stood repealed and would have been saved. But admittedly there is nothing in Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951 expressly saving the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092. The only argument urged on behalf of the respondents was that sec.29 sub-sec. (2) of the B Indian Succession Act, 1925 had the effect of saving the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 and the latter Act therefore continued to govern Indian Christians in the terri- tories of the former State of Travancore. Now this contention of the respondent might perhaps have required some consider- ation if the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 had not been expressly repealed and an argument had been raised that c by reason of the extension of the Indian Succession Act, 1925, there was implied repeal of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092. Then perhaps an argument could have been advanced that though both Chapter II of Part V of the Indian • Succession Act, 1925 and the Travancore Christian Succession -._, Act, 1092 covered the same field and dealt with the same D subject·matter, namely, intestate succession Bl!klng Indian Christians, there was no implled repeal of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 by the extension of Chapter II of Part V of the Indian Succession Act 1925 and the continued operation of the Travancore Christian Succession Act 1092 was saved by sec.29 sub-sec. (2) of the Indian Succession Act, E

1925. We very much doubt whether such an argument would have been tenable but in any event in the present case there is no scope for such an argument, since ·the Travancore Christian· Succession Act, 1092 stood expressly repealed by virtue of sec.6 of Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951. F It was then contended on behalf of · the respondents, ~ though faintly, that by reason of section 29 sub-sec.(2), the Indian Succession Act, 1925 nrust be deemed to have adopted bY reference all laws for the time being in force relating to intestate succession . including the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 so far as Indian Christian in Travancore G are concerned. This contention was sought to be supported by reference to the decision of the Travancore-COchin High Court in Iurian Auggsty v. Devasay Aley, A.I.R. 1957 Travancore- Cochin l, We do not think this contention is at all - II. sustainable. The legislative device of incorporation by 'T~ reference is a well-known device where the legislature instead H

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A of repeating the provisions of a particular statute in another statue incorporates such provision in the latter statute by reference to the earlier statute. It is a legislative device adopted for the sake of convenience in order to avoid verbatim reproduction of the provisions of an earlier statute in a latter statute. But when the legislature intends to adopt this B legislative device the language used by it is entirely dis- tinct and different from the one employed in section 29 sub- sec. (2) of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. The opening part of section 29 sub-sec.(2) is intended to be a qualificatory or excepting provision and not a provision for incorporation by ._ , .

reference. We have no hesitation in rejecting this contention c urged on behalf of the respondents.

We are, therefore, of the view that on the coming into force of Part-B States (Laws) Act, 1951 the Travancore Cochin Succession Act, 1092 stood repealed and Chapter II of Part V • of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 became applicable and inteatate succession to the property of members of the Indian Christian community in the territories of the erstwhiie State of Travancore was thereafter governed by Chapter II of Part V ·-- of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. On this view, it becomes unnecessary to .consider whether sections 24, 28 and 29 of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 are unconstitutional and void. We, therefore, allow the writ petitions and declare that intestate succession to the property of Indian Chris- tians in the territories of the former State of Travancore is governed by the provisions contained in Chapter II of Part V of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. There will be no order as to costs. F

S.R. Petitions allowed.