SMT. A.N.KAPOOR v. SMT. PUSHPA TALWAR

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

T. K.THOMMEN, J. This appeal arises from the judginent of the H

476 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ll 992] 1 S.C.R.

A Delhi High Court in S.A.0.No. 59 of 1979 whereby the High Court, reversing the concurrent findings of the Additional Rent Controller and the Rent Control Tribunal, allowed the respondent-landlord's application for eviction of the appellant-tenant under section 14(l)(e) of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 (the 'Act'). The respondent is the daughter of the original landlord who had let out the premises to the appellant on I. I0.1961. B The present respondent purchased the property from her father on 27th June, 1964 and thus stepped into his shoes as the 'landlord' as defined under section 2(e) of the Act.

Relying upon the Rent Note and the appellant's letters dated 7.10.1961 and 18.8.1962 addressed to the respondent's father and the earlier pro- C ceedings between them for eviction of the appellant on the ground of sub- letting the premises for commercial purposes, both the statutory authori- ties found that the premises which had been let out for residential pur- poses to the appellant had also been used incidentally for commercial purposes so as to exclude the application of section 14 (I) (e) read with the Explanatibn thereto. This finding was reversed by the High Court by the impugned judgment. The High Court found that there was no evidence for the statutory authorities to come to the conclusion, which they did, as regards the premises having been used for commercial purposes. This is what the High Court says:-

" .......... No documentary evidence has been brought on record to hold that the premises were ever used for boarding and lodging foreign students ..... Thus there is no evidence on record to hold that the premises were used for boarding and lodging of the foreign students or that the premises were let to the respondent for commercial purposes. Thus, I am of the view that the premises were' let to the respondent for use as resi- F deuce and the findings to contrary by the controller and the Tribunal are without any evidence on record and are perverse". This finding of the High Court is. in our view, unsustainable. The High Court was not justified in saying that there was no evidence to hold that the premises were used for boarding and lodging foreign students. G The specific plea of the landlord in the earlier proceedings was that the tenant had sub-let the premises for commercial purposes. The tenant con- tended that she had never parted with her exclusive possession of any part of the premises and the foreign students who were lodging were her paying guests and were not her tenants. TI1e plea of sub-tenancy raised by the landlord was thus rejected on the ground that those who lodged with H her were not sub-tenants but only paying guests. Letters dated 7.10.1961

SMT. KAPOOR v. SMT. TALWAR [THOMMEN, J.J 477

and 18.8.1962 addressed by the appellant-tenant to the respondent-land- A lord were considered by the authorities in coming to the, conclu~ion, which they did. These letters clearly disclosed the fact that foreign students were lodged in the evidence let in by the appellant and not contradicted by the respondent clearly showed that apart from the appellant, all the other inmates of the premises were foreign students staying with her as her paying guests. The appellant testified to the effect that she earned her B Ii velihood from the income she received as lodging fee from students who lodged with her. It was out of that income that all her personal expenses including the rent payable by her for the premises had been met. These are the findings of the two fact-finding authorities and those findings are based on oral and documentary evidence. To have reversed those findings by the High Court in Second Appeal on the ground that they were per- C verse was totally uncalled for.

Mr Harish Salve appearing for the respondent-landlord submits that even if the High Court was wrong in coming to the conclusion that there was no evidence about foreign students being lodged by the tenant, the mere fact that foreign students stayed as paying guests in the premises D did not imply either that they lodged with the consent of the landlord or that such. lodging amounted to a commercial use of the building. Counsel submits that the High Court was right on the facts of this case in saying that the ground contained in clause (e) of section (I) of section 14 was attracted. E There is no substance in the contention that .the landlord was una- ware that the premises had been used for lodging foreign students. The two letters relied on by the statutory authorities leave no doubt that this fact was well-known to the landlord at all material times. To the knowl- edge of the landlord the premises have been regularly used by the tenant ever since 1961 for the residence of not only herself but also of the F ...,: foreign students who were lodged by her for gain as paying guests. The --1 evidence is that she had no income other than what she received as lodg- ing fee from the foreign students. The question then is whether the facts found excluded the application of the ground contained in clause (e) of section 14 (I).

Section 14, insofar as it is material, reads: G

"S.14. Protection of tenant against eviction:- (I) Notwithstand- ing anything to the contrary contained in any other law or contract, no order or decree for the recovery of possession of any premises shall be made by any court or Controller in fa- vour of the landlord against a tenant: H

478 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1992) I SC.R.

A Provided that the Controller may, on an application made to him in the prescribed mannner, make an order for the recov- ery of possession of the premises on one or more of the following grounds only, namely -

(e) that the premises let for residential purposes are required B bona fide by the landlord for occupat4'Jn as a residence for himself or for any member of his family dependent on him, if he is the owner thereof, or for any person for whose benefit the premises are held and that the landlord or such person has no other reasonably suitable residential accommodation;

c Explanation.-For the purposes of this clause, "premises let for residential purposes" include any premises which having been let for use as a residence are, without the consent of the land- lord, used incidentally for commercial or other purposes".

The only ground which is relied on by the landlord is that which is contained in clause(e) read with the Explanation. Clause (e) on the facts alleged is applicable only if the landlord is in a position to establish that th.e premises let for residential purposes are required hona fide by him for occupation as a residence. Assuming that the hona fide requirement of the landlord is established, the landlord must still prove that the premises had been let for residential purposes. The Explanation to clause (e) makes it clear that the words 'premises let for residential purposes' include any premises let for residential purposes, but used incidentally, without the consent of the landlord, for commercial 0r other purposes. The Explana- tion is attracted when (i) the premises· have been let for residential pur- poses, (ii) the premises have been used incidentally for commercial or other purposes, and (iii) the landlord has not given his consent for such incidental use for commercial or other purposes. If the three ingredients contained. in the Explanation are attracted, the premises do not cease to be "Premises let for residential purposes" falling under clause (e). Jn respect of such premises, the hnna .fide requirement of the landlord referred to in clause (el is a ground for eviction.

If the preinises have never been used for any non-residential pur- G pose, the aid of the Explanation is unnecessary to attract clause (e). The Explanation is called in aid only where premises let for residential pur- poses have been used incidentally for commercial or other non-residential purposes, but without the consent of the landlord. The fundan1ental quesc tion in respect of residential premises is whether the landlord had con- sented to the user of the premises for any other purpose, albeit inciden- H tally.

SMT. KAPOOR v SMT. TALWAR [THOMMEN, J.] 479

If the landlord is in a position to establish that the premises have been let for residential purposes and that h.e has never consented to the user of the premises for any other purpose, the mere fact that such premises have been i11cidentally used for commercial or other purposes would. not change or affect the residential character oft.he premises. In respect of such premises, it is open to the landlord to prove his bona fide require- ments and thus· establish the ground mentioned. under clause (e). On the other hand, if the premises have been regularly and openly used for non- residential purposes, the knowledge and constent of the landlord, unless· proved to the contrary, are ordinarily presumed and in that event the Expia11ation would be of no avail to save the ground under clause (e). , In the present case.it is not disputed that the premises had been let for residential purposes, but it is also beyond doubt that to the knowledge of the landlord the premises have. been regularly used by the tenant not only for her own residence but also for her foreign guests. The landlord has at all material times known or· is presumed tO have known that foreign students have been staying with the appellant as her paying guests and that she has been evei since 1961 mnning a boardi1\g house in the premises. At no time did the landlord object to the user of the premises by the appellant for such purpose . .l. The continued user of the building ever since 1961 for the purpose of lodging paying guests shows that the.respondent-landlord and her father have not only been aware of such user of the building, but have also . E impliedly consented to such user. This presumption is irresistible from the evidence on record. Such user takes the premises in question out of the ambit of 'premises let for residential purposes' so as to exclude the ground contained in clause (e).

We are fortified in our conclusion by the views expressed by this F Court in JJl'.Gopa/ !Jass Ver111a v. Dr. S.K llhardwaj & Anr., [1962] 2 SCR 678 and Kartar Singh v. Cha111an Lal & Ors.,SC (1969) IV All India Rent Control Journal 349.

The position would have been probably different, and the Explana- tion would have been still available, had foreign guests been lodged only occasionally and for short periods, even if it be on the basis of payment to cover expenses. All this is a question of intention, Was it an occasional acco1"n1nodation of paying guests consistently with the character of the ·pre1nises as a private residence?

The evidence on record leaves no doubt that the premises have been regularly used by the appellant as a boarding house and not as a private

480 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1992] I S.C.R. ;... . A residence in the ordinary acceptation of the tenn. She has in fact been carrying on, in the words of Romer, J.,"a species of business''. See Hobson v. Tulloch [ 1898] I Chancery Division 424. See also Thorn & Ors. v. Madden [ 1925] All E.R.321 and Tend/er v. Sproule [1947] I All E.R.193.

In the absence of any question of law, much less any substantial question of law, the High Court was not justified in reversing the concur- rent findings of the statutory authorities.

In the circumstances, we set aside the impugned judgment of the High Court and restore the orders of the Additional Rent Controller dated 29.9.1976 and Rent Control Tribunal dated 18.11.1978. The appeal is allowed in the above tenns with the costs of the appellant throughout.

N.V.K. Appeal allowed.